Fears of a potential bird flu pandemic are growing as new mutations in the virus increase the risk of transmission from animals to humans.
European health agencies are on high alert, urging countries to strengthen monitoring efforts to prevent the virus from evolving further.
According to a report from Digi24, 34 key genetic mutations have been identified, making the virus more capable of crossing between species.
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) warn that these changes increase the possibility of human adaptation and transmission.
“Last year, avian flu viruses expanded their reach, infecting species that had not previously been affected.
We have identified mutations that require rapid detection and response,” stated Bernhard Url, interim executive director of EFSA. The virus has been found in wild birds, farm animals, and mammals such as seals and cattle.
Rising Cases and New Threats
While human cases remain low, the risk is increasing. The United Kingdom reported its first case of this winter on Monday, and the United States has recorded 67 cases and one death.
In 2024, nearly 100 human infections occurred, mostly in occupational settings involving exposure to sick animals.
“Confirmed human-to-human transmission would be a game changer,” noted Edoardo Colzani, a respiratory virus expert at the ECDC.
He stressed that monitoring outbreaks among both humans and animals is critical to detect potential "silent transmission."
Experts recommend vaccinating animal workers against seasonal flu to reduce the risk of mixing human and avian flu strains, which could create a more dangerous hybrid virus.
Surveillance Efforts and Global Preparedness
Of 27,000 viral sequences analyzed, 144 carried mutations that could enable human transmission.
These strains have primarily been found in Asia and Africa but not yet in Europe. Alessandro Broglia, a senior scientific officer at EFSA, emphasized that even low-pathogenic viruses—which cause milder symptoms—could quietly evolve and spread.
Experts advocate for harmonizing data collection on virus genetics and epidemiology, particularly in regions with limited laboratory capacity.
“In parts of Africa and Asia, we have very little data. Strengthening capacities outside the EU is vital,” Broglia explained.
Pamela Rendi-Wagner, director of the ECDC, reiterated that strong preparedness plans are essential for public health protection.
“We must remain vigilant and ensure Europe is ready to respond to this emerging threat,” she said.
